Namibia experiences both dog and wildlife rabies, particularly affecting kudu antelope, which has faced two epidemics since 1977. The ongoing second epidemic has rendered rabies in kudu endemic to the region, a situation unique to Namibia and absent in other areas where kudu are found in Africa. This disease has led to significant fatalities among the kudu population, causing substantial economic losses in the game farming and hunting sectors. There is little indication that the situation will improve, as genetic studies suggest that the rabies virus in kudu may originate from jackals. Epidemiological surveys and experiments confirm that non-bite transmission through direct or indirect contact is a significant mode of spread, exacerbating outbreaks in susceptible populations. While intra-muscular vaccination with a commercial inactivated vaccine is effective, it is costly and lacks information on immunity duration. Research has shown that protective immunity can be achieved with an oral vaccine, but improvements in methods and protocols are necessary to ensure sufficient coverage among kudu. Various bait types have been developed and successfully tested for uptake by kudu, indicating potential for an effective vaccination delivery system. Additionally, there is a need to develop serological tests to monitor immune responses to vaccines in this species. Overall, it is feasible to create the necessary tools and protocols to prot
