Yasser Mustafa Knihy

The research highlights how stress factors such as temperature, stocking density, feed deprivation, water restriction, and light negatively impact the immune responses and overall health of broiler chickens. Stressed birds exhibit lower antibody levels, making them more susceptible to diseases like the NDV virus. While these stressors don't significantly affect overall hematology, they do reduce the functionality of lymphoid organs. The study suggests that anti-stressors like Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and glucose can improve body weight and feed conversion ratio, emphasizing the need for optimal living conditions to enhance production efficiency in Pakistan.

The historic neglected status of veterinary waste and has identified areas of veterinary waste management that require attention. This study indicated that veterinarian unaware of their legal responsibilities. Poor waste management in the veterinary practices, followed by incorrect transport and disposal measures, as well as failure to inform and equip staff sufficiently, are just some aspects of non-compliance by veterinarians. Veterinary waste was just emerging from its "neglected" status, with little or no legislation and guidelines specifically governing its handling and disposal.Recently, veterinary practices, clinics and hospitals now included as health care facilities with minimum requirements and with hazardous veterinary waste assigned the same status as human HCW; there can be no excuse for non-compliance.