Chantal Mouffe Knihy

Kniha Hegemonie a socialistická strategie se dostává do rukou českým čtenářům téměř třicet let po svém prvním vydání v roce 1985. Autoři tvrdí, že levicové myšlení tehdy stálo na křižovatce a vyžadovalo přehodnocení klíčových pojmů, jako jsou ekonomický determinismus, proletariát jako privilegovaný aktér dějin, revoluce a antagonismus. Postmarxismus Ernesta Laclaua a Chantal Mouffe, po obsáhlém výkladu historických proměn pojmu hegemonie, nabízí antiesencialistickou koncepci sociální logiky a politiky vycházející zejména z díla Antonia Gramsciho. Hodnocení „globalizovaného světa“ skrze kategorii hegemonie ukazuje, že současný stav není jediným možným společenským řádem, ale výsledkem specifických mocenských vztahů. Tyto vztahy jsou projevem hegemonických tahů konkrétních sociálních sil, které transformovaly vztahy mezi kapitalistickými korporacemi a národními státy. Hegemonii lze zpochybnit a levice by měla usilovat o věrohodnou alternativu neoliberálního řádu, místo aby se snažila o jeho humánnější řízení. To vyžaduje vytyčení nových politických hranic a uznání, že radikální politika nemůže existovat bez definování protivníka, což zahrnuje přijetí nevykořenitelnosti antagonismu.

From the theory of ‘deliberative democracy’ to the politics of the ‘third way’, the present Zeitgeist is characterized by attempts to deny what Chantal Mouffe contends is the inherently conflictual nature of democratic politics. Far from being signs of progress, such ideas constitute a serious threat to democratic institutions. Taking issue with John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas on one side, and the political tenets of Blair, Clinton and Schröder on the other, Mouffe brings to the fore the paradoxical nature of modern liberal democracy in which the category of the ‘adversary’ plays a central role. She draws on the work of Wittgenstein, Derrida, and the provocative theses of Carl Schmitt, to propose a new understanding of democracy which acknowledges the ineradicability of antagonism in its workings.

These case studies are also highly effective points of reference for student revision.

What is the “populist moment” and what does it mean for the left? We are currently witnessing in Western Europe a “populist moment” that signals the crisis of neoliberal hegemony. The central axis of the political conflict will be between right- and left-wing populism. By establishing a frontier between “the people” and “the oligarchy,” a left–populist strategy could bring together the manifold struggles against subordination, oppression and discrimination. This strategy acknowledges that democratic discourse plays a crucial role in the political imaginary of our societies. And through the construction of a collective will, mobilizing common affects in defence of equality and social justice, it will be possible to combat the xenophobic policies promoted by right-wing populism. In redrawing political frontiers, this “populist moment” points to a “return of the political” after years of postpolitics. A return may open the way for authoritarian solutions—through regimes that weaken liberal-democratic institutions—but it could also lead to a reaffirmation and extension of democratic values

A powerful new understanding of citizenship, democracy and pluralism.In this work, Mouffe argues that liberal democracy misunderstands the problems of ethnic, religious and nationalist conflicts because of its inadequate conception of politics. She suggests that the democratic revolution may be jeopardized by a lack of understanding of citizenship, community and pluralism. Mouffe examines the work of Schmitt and Rawls and explores feminist theory, in an attempt to place the project of radical and plural democracy on a more adequate foundation than is provided by liberal theory.

Carl Schmitt's thought serves as a warning against the dangers of complacency entailed by triumphant liberalism. His conception of politics is a challenge to those who believe that there is a third way between the left and right and that the increasing moralisation of political discourse constitutes an advance for democracy.

How to rebuilt left populism around the demands for the Green Democratic Revolution

igo Errejón of Podemos and political theorist Chantal Mouffe here discuss the emergence of these new forces, and in particular of Podemos. They critically engage with both the older traditions and the newly emerging parties and movements; explore new ways of creating collective identities and building majorities; and reflect on the major political challenges facing the left. This is a conversation between two people who are ideally placed to draw on the earlier theoretical work of Mouffe with Ernesto Laclau, and to link it directly into the practice of the new politics.