Mechanisms of systemic regulation

InhaltsverzeichnisGas Exchange and Regulation of Respiration.1 The Regulation of Cutaneous Gas Exchange.1 Why Study Cutaneous Gas Exchange?.2 Major Themes.3 Relative Importance of Diffusion and Perfusion in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange.4 Importance of Ventilating the Skin in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange in Water.5 Conclusions and Future Directions.References.2 The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Aquatic Gas Exchange.1 Introduction.2 Biochemical Properties.3 Gas Transfer.4 Concluding Remarks.3 Gas Exchange in the Fish Swimbladder.2 Swimbladder Architecture.3 Swimbladder Gas.4 Mechanisms for Deposition of Gas: The Classical Model.5 Recent Additions to the Classical Model.6 Regulation in the Swimbladder.7 Open Questions.4 Regulation of Respiration in Lower Vertebrates: Role of CO2/pH Chemoreceptors.2 Fish.3 Amphibians and Reptiles.4 Conclusions.Blood Gas Transport.5 Adrenergic Control of Red Cell pH, Organic Phosphate Concentrations and Haemoglobin Function in Teleost Fish.2 Production of ATP and GTP.3 Control of Red Cell pH in the Absence of Significant Secondarily Active Transport of Acid-Base Relevant Ions.4 Stimulation of the Sodium/Proton Exchanger by Catecholamines and Its Effects on Red Cell pH.5 Effects of Catecholamines on Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentrations.6 In Vivo Regulation of Haemoglobin Function by Catecholamines.7 Summary.Central Vascular Circulation.6 Mechanisms of Intracardiac Shunting in Reptiles: Pressure vs Washout Shunting.2 Reptilian Cardiovascular Anatomy.3 Intracardiac Shunts.4 Mechanism of Intracardiac Shunting.5 Regulation of Washout Shunting.7 Central Cardiovascular Dynamics in Reptiles.2 Chelonians and Nonvaranid Squamates.3 Varanids.4 Crocodilians.5 Concluding Remarks.8 Central Cardiovascular Function in Amphibians: Qualitative Influences of Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Season.2 Phylogeny and Central Cardiovascular Function.3 Development of Cardiovascular Function.3 Seasonal Influences on Cardiovascular Function.5 Conclusions and Guiding Principles for Future Studies.Veno-Lymphatic System.9 The Role of the Lymphatic System for Water Balance and Acid-Base Regulation in the Amphibia.1 Historical Perspective.2 Structure of the Lymphatics.3 Lymph Production and Flow.4 Lymph Heart Rate and Pressure.5 The Lymphatics and Acid-Base Regulation.6 General Conclusions.10 Physiological Roles of the Secondary Circulatory System in Fish.2 The Central Venous Sinus (CVS) in the Gill.3 Secondary Circulatory System of the Body.