Characterization and utilization of dairy cattle in Sudan

The objectives of the study were characterization of Kenana and Butana cattle breeds (e. g. on farm, on station, and molecular characterization) and their production systems, evaluation of different dairy improvement attempts in the country (Kenana, Butana, Friesian and their crossbreds), and development of sustainable improvement breeding programmes for dairy cattle in Sudan. Butana and Kenana cattle are kept in the respective production systems due to their appreciated productive adaptability. Beside the multi-functional roles in both production systems, milk production is important for regular cash income and home-consumption needs. The unfavorable production conditions (Lack of livestock feed, Disease, water shortage) determine the rather low milk yield of Butana and Kenana herds in their habitats. Measures to overcome production constraints are given clear priority by cattle owners. The performances of Kenana and Butana herds under research stations conditions indicated that their milk production performance compares favourably with some of the best breeds in tropical countries. The growth hormone (GH1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) genes were sequenced in both breeds. The reports reviewed on purebred and crossbred dairy cows provide proof that the local environment can sustain only composite genotypes of moderate level of B. taurus blood and that crossbreeding can be a useful strategy in improved production systems. Their relative economic efficiency is yet to be considered. Introduction of Friesian in central Sudan requires a high input level which is only possible when high milk prices are obtained. Due to the variability of production system environments, production management conditions and access to infrastructure and markets, a regional dairy breeding policy is required that implements breeding programs to produce dairy cattle that fit the respective eco-regions and production systems.