From Venus to Mars?

The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan began its mission in 2001. Its original task was to assist the Afghan Security Forces in providing security in Kabul. However, in October 2003, the UN extended the ISAF area of responsibility beyond the borders of the capital. Civil-military Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) were deployed to a rapidly growing number of provinces. Designed as interdepartmental teams, the PRTs were to assist the Afghan government to establish functioning state structures in these provinces. Each PRT was manned with up to several hundred military and civilian personnel. In practice, however, the overwhelming majority of the personnel came from the military. European countries like Germany, Italy, the Nordic troop contributors, Hungary, Lithuania, and Spain explicitly designed their contributions to the Afghan state-building project based on a 'good' humanitarian philosophy. After 2006, however, a deteriorating security situation and escalating battles against a growing guerilla, subsumed under the term 'Taliban movement', brought the purely military aspects of the mission to the forefront of public awareness. PRT contributors experimented with varying national approaches for stabilization and reconstruction, and the escalating violence met deeply unmilitary and pacifist European perspectives and triggered a fundamental discussion on how to proceed in Afghanistan. This book outlines how 'the' ISAF mission functioned on different military levels, and the results of their efforts. It also demonstrates how the PRTs worked on the diplomatic-political level, and as parts of national bureaucracies and inter-agency collaboration. Finally the authors examine the ways in which the Afghan experience forever changed European armed forces.