Selected Philosophical Works

Herzen's philosophy centers on individual autonomy and dignity, opposing oppressive societal forces like family and state. His thought evolved from German idealism to radical socialism influenced by French thinkers, envisioning a federation of self-governing communes for an ideal society. Disillusioned by failed European revolutions, he focused on Russia, believing its communal traditions positioned it for socialist transformation. As a 'gentry revolutionary,' he saw the gentry as a progressive force, advocating for a socialism that emphasized individualism within a collective framework.