Selected Philosophical Works

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Herzen's philosophy centers on individual autonomy and dignity, opposing oppressive societal forces like family and state. His thought evolved from German idealism to radical socialism influenced by French thinkers, envisioning a federation of self-governing communes for an ideal society. Disillusioned by failed European revolutions, he focused on Russia, believing its communal traditions positioned it for socialist transformation. As a 'gentry revolutionary,' he saw the gentry as a progressive force, advocating for a socialism that emphasized individualism within a collective framework.