Anthropogenic Drivers of Municipal Water Supply:

The study examines the energy consumption associated with municipal water supply, highlighting its often-overlooked costs and carbon emissions. It addresses the challenges faced by infrastructure managers due to population growth, economic development, and climate change. By analyzing socio-economic and demographic factors, the research explores their effects on water availability, quality, and demand. It also investigates the interconnections between supply and demand drivers and their influence on energy intensity in drinking water utilities, applying the findings to various African countries to identify significant factors.