This book provides a historical and sociological exploration of the relationship between Sunnis and Shias, tracing the origins of their dispute over Mohammed's succession to the present day. It is structured in two parts. The first part presents a detailed history of the divide, illustrating how Shiism served as a major ideological challenge to the caliphate during much of the Middle Ages. It discusses the gradual convergence of Sunnism and Shiism, as Shiism evolved from an esoteric and politically radical doctrine to embrace elements of mainstream Islam. The narrative highlights the political dynamics underlying theological debates, particularly how the Sunni/Shia conflict intensified when the Safavids established Shiism as the state religion, mirroring Sunnism. Conversely, in response to colonial pressures, Sunni and Shia reformists often united in collaboration. The second part offers a socio-historical analysis of national contexts where the Sunni/Shia divide influences society and politics, focusing on countries like Iraq, Bahrain, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen, and Lebanon. It reveals that the sectarian divide is shaped by unique historical and social factors, with Sunni and Shia identities intertwined with ethnic, regional, and economic identities. While these relations can lead to conflict, they also foster dynamics of emulation, particularly evident in the competition between Sunni and Shia Islamic movements.
