A root-and-branch rethinking of how history has shaped the science of genetics. In 1900, Gregor Mendel was virtually unknown; a decade later, he became celebrated as the father of genetics. Today, Mendelian principles are often the starting point for understanding heredity, suggesting that the modern grasp of biological inheritance stems from Mendel’s work. However, this perspective is challenged in a compelling examination of early twentieth-century debates in England. Gregory Radick reveals that Mendelian ideas gained prominence not due to their accuracy—since little in nature aligns with Mendel’s findings—but because of a fierce intellectual battle. On one side was William Bateson, who advocated for a societal reorganization based on the belief that heredity determines fate. Opposing him was W. F. R. Weldon, who, while recognizing Mendel's contributions, argued that Bateson's interpretation neglected the significant influence of environmental factors. Weldon’s premature death in 1906, before he could articulate his alternative vision, ultimately favored Mendel's approach. Through extensive archival research and critical analysis, this work invites a reevaluation of genetics and its implications across history and into the future.
