Roger Knight Knihy

William IV, the 'Sailor King', reigned for just seven years. Rash and impetuous as a young man, he was sent to join the navy by his father, George III, to bring him to order, but he was overpromoted at an early age and saw his years of active service marked by a series of calamities. He was also notorious for his mounting debts and his long relationship with the actress Mrs Jordan, with whom he had ten children. Yet, as Roger Knight, one of Britain's foremost naval historians, shows in this concise and perceptive biography, William's bluff, unpolished sailor's manner made him popular with the people. Inheriting the throne amid strikes, riots and the push for parliamentary reform, he helped see the country through the great constitutional crisis of the era. Despite his many flaws, he was perhaps a better king than sailor, leaving the monarchy in a healthier state than when he found it, and enabling the smooth succession of his niece, Victoria.

Říká se, že od zvířat nás odlišuje rozum. Ten se stejně jako ostatní charakteristiky našeho živočišného druhu vyvinul postupnou evolucí. Musíme si proto položit dvě zásadní otázky: Proč se rozum nevyvinul u zvířat? A proč se lidé tak často chovají úplně bláznivě? Na tyto a další otázky se snaží odpovědět francouzští kognitivní vědci Hugo Mercier a Dan Sperber. Rozum podle nich nefunguje osamoceně a neslouží k hledání té nejlepší možné reakce v konkrétní situaci. Mnohem spíše pomáhá obhajovat naše instinktivní a podvědomá rozhodnutí před naším okolím — přesvědčuje je skrze racionální argumentaci a soudí argumenty ostatních. Najednou pak dávají smysl i ty největší slabiny rozumu: například proč vždy tíhneme k tomu, co známe, nebo proč tak často nedokážeme rozlišit mezi dobrou a špatnou myšlenkou.

'He had brought nothing but trouble to the navy: how would he fare as King?'Known as the 'Sailor King', William IV was sent to join the navy by his father to discipline him, but instead became notorious for his calamitous years of service, his debts and his relationship with the actress Mrs Jordan. Yet, as Roger Knight's biography shows, William also helped see the country through the great constitutional crisis of its age, enabling the smooth succession of his niece Victoria.

Why people are not as gullible as we think Not Born Yesterday explains how we decide who we can trust and what we should believe—and argues that we're pretty good at making these decisions. In this lively and provocative book, Hugo Mercier demonstrates how virtually all attempts at mass persuasion—whether by religious leaders, politicians, or advertisers—fail miserably. Drawing on recent findings from political science and other fields ranging from history to anthropology, Mercier shows that the narrative of widespread gullibility, in which a credulous public is easily misled by demagogues and charlatans, is simply wrong. Why is mass persuasion so difficult? Mercier uses the latest findings from experimental psychology to show how each of us is endowed with sophisticated cognitive mechanisms of open vigilance. Computing a variety of cues, these mechanisms enable us to be on guard against harmful beliefs, while being open enough to change our minds when presented with the right evidence. Even failures—when we accept false confessions, spread wild rumors, or fall for quack medicine—are better explained as bugs in otherwise well-functioning cognitive mechanisms than as symptoms of general gullibility. Not Born Yesterday shows how we filter the flow of information that surrounds us, argues that we do it well, and explains how we can do it better still.

The first account of Britain's convoys during the Napoleonic Wars-showing how the protection of trade played a decisive role in victory