World Health Organization Knihy

Extensive experience shows that poor design and management of water systems in buildings can cause outbreaks of disease. The types of building, water uses, disease outcomes and individuals affected are diverse. The health risks are preventable and can be readily controlled. However, evidence from outbreak detection suggests that the overall trend is increasing. With increasing global urbanization, the overall exposure of the human population to poorly designed or managed water systems in buildings is increasing rapidly. Consequently, the risk of disease outbreaks is also increasing. Actions to reduce the risk of disease should be considered a public health priority. This document provides guidance for managing water supplies in buildings where people may drink water; use water for food preparation; wash, shower, swim or use water for other recreational activities; or be exposed to aerosols produced by water-using devices, such as cooling towers. These uses occur in a variety of buildings, such as hospitals, schools, child and aged care, medical and dental facilities, hotels, apartment blocks, sport centres, commercial buildings and transport terminals. The target audience for this document includes the full range of "actors" who influence the overall safe management of building water supplies. In particular, it is directed at those who design, construct, manage, operate, maintain and regulate building water systems.

Basic epidemiology provides an introduction to the core principles and methods of epidemiology, with a special emphasis on public health applications in developing countries. This edition includes chapters on the nature and uses of epidemiology; the epidemiological approach to defining and measuring the occurrence of health-related states in populations; the strengths and limitations of epidemiological study designs; and the role of epidemiology in evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of health care. The book has a particular emphasis on modifiable environmental factors and encourages the application of epidemiology to the prevention of disease and the promotion of health, including environmental and occupational health.

Guidelines for Controlling and Monitoring the Tobacco Epidemic

The 2020 edition of Health at a Glance: Europe focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. Chapter 1 provides an initial assessment of the resilience of European health systems to the COVID-19 pandemic and their ability to contain and respond to the worst pandemic in the past century. Chapter 2 reviews the huge health and welfare burden of air pollution as another major public health issue in European countries, and highlights the need for sustained efforts to reduce air pollution to mitigate its impact on health and mortality. The five other chapters provide an overview of key indicators of health and health systems across the 27 EU member states, 5 EU candidate countries, 3 European Free Trade Association countries and the United Kingdom. Health at a Glance: Europe is the first step in the State of Health in the EU cycle.

The Tobacco Atlas is intended for anyone concerned with personal or political health, governance, politics, economics, big business, corporate behavior, smuggling, tax, religion, internet, allocation of resources, human development, and the future. It will be useful for UN agencies, governments and politicians, health officials, the media, researchers, universities, schools, and the general public.The atlas includes full-color world maps and graphics revealing similarities and differences between countries, on the history of tobacco, different types of tobacco use, prevalence and consumption, youth smoking, the economics of tobacco farming and manufacturing, smuggling, the tobacco industry, promotion, profits, trade, smokers' rights, legislative action such as smoke-free areas, bans on tobacco advertising, health warnings, quitting, the effect of price and taxation, litigation and the future of the epidemic.This book illustrates, in an accessible and creative format, how tobacco is not just a simple health issue, but involves economics, big business, politics, trade, litigation, deceit, and crimes such as smuggling. The atlas also shows the importance of a multifaceted approach to reducing the epidemic by WHO, other UN agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and in fact the whole of civil society.

This practical tool aids in diagnosing filarial infections through 46 full-color photomicrographs that showcase the distinctive features of various microfilariae species in different stained preparations and magnifications. Each image includes a measuring bar and a brief explanatory legend highlighting key characteristics for accurate diagnosis. The species featured are Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Mansonella perstans, Mansonella ozzardi, Onchocerca volvulus, and Mansonella streptocerca, along with images of common artifacts that may complicate diagnosis. The six plates are designed in a durable plasticized format, serving as a guide for laboratory and field workers in endemic regions, as well as a teaching resource for students and trainees. The objective is to enable microscopists to achieve quick and precise diagnoses while minimizing errors. To support this aim, the bench aids include essential laboratory instructions alongside high-quality images, detailing the preparation of thick blood films, Giemsa and haematoxylin staining, membrane filtration, the Knott concentration method, and tissue examination techniques for detecting microfilariae in the skin. Additionally, a comparative summary outlines the geographical distribution, vectors, habitat, periodicity, and key diagnostic features of the most common human filarial parasites.

This comprehensive assessment evaluates the risks of carbon monoxide exposure to human health and the environment, highlighting its colorless, odorless nature and sources from both natural and human activities. Extensive studies on health effects, particularly at low exposure levels, are discussed, with close to 1000 references included. The report identifies highway vehicle emissions as the primary source of environmental carbon monoxide, followed by non-highway transportation, fuel combustion, industrial processes, and solid waste disposal. Monitoring data indicates a decline in environmental concentrations due to effective emission controls. Indoor sources, notably cigarette smoke, are also examined. The report details carbon monoxide's environmental fate, its role in ozone production, and potential contributions to global warming. It identifies personal exposure sources, emphasizing that the general population's highest exposures occur in vehicles and indoor environments, while certain occupations face increased risks. Toxicokinetics and mechanisms of action are reviewed, focusing on factors influencing carboxyhaemoglobin levels and their toxic effects. Health impacts are explored through animal studies and human investigations, revealing risks such as cardiovascular and respiratory damage, neurobehavioral effects, and developmental toxicity. High-risk groups, particularly those with exercise-induced ischemia and pregnan

9241650435. ***World Health Basic Documents*** 43rd Edition. 184 Numbered pages.

Fluoride is known to occur at elevated concentration in a number of parts of the world, where it can be a significant cause of disease. The primary focus of this book is the prevention of adverse health effects from excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water. The book fills the urgent need, identified for updating the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, for information on the occurrence of fluoride, its health effects, ways of reducing excess levels, and methods for analysis of fluoride in water. The draft document, produced by a working group of experts convened to consider protection from fluoride and its control, was issued for extensive review and consultation. The resultant book, which incorporates the comments received, was further peer reviewed by experts in developed and developing countries. It is aimed at a wide range of individuals, including health workers and sanitary engineers who may require a broad introduction to the subject with more detailed guidance in some specific areas. Fluoride in Drinking-waterwill be an invaluable reference source for all those concerned with the management of drinking water containing fluoride and the health effects arising from its consumption, including water sector managers and practitioners, as well as health sector staff at policy and implementation levels. It will also be of interest to researchers, students, development workers, and consultants.

Issues authoritative recommendations concerning nutritional requirements and safe ranges of intake for nineteen trace elements important to human health. Representing the consensus reached by a large number of international experts, the book aims to give scientists and those responsible for nutrition planning a solid basis for assessing dietary intakes of trace elements, detecting deficiencies and excesses, and recognizing the clinical features of related disorders. Throughout, guidelines and advice respond to greatly expanded knowledge about the significant impact that even subtle differences in trace elements can have on health and disease. The core of the report, which has three parts, provides authoritative recommendations on the nutritional significance, requirements for health, and safe range of daily intakes for nineteen trace elements in three categories. These include essential elements, such as iodine and zinc, probably essential elements, such as manganese and silicon, and potentially toxic elements, such as fluoride, lead, cadmium and mercury, which may also have some essential functions at low levels.

The "World Health Statistics" series is WHO's annual compilation of health-related data for its 193 Member States, and includes a summary of the progress made towards achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and associated targets. Indicators have been included on the basis of their relevance to global public health, the availability and quality of the data, and the reliability and comparability of the resulting estimates. Taken together, these indicators provide a comprehensive summary of the current status of national health and health systems in key areas. Every effort has been made to ensure the optimal use of reported country data—adjusted where necessary to deal with missing values, to correct for known biases and to maximize comparability. In addition, statistical techniques and modelling have been used to fill data gaps. WHO presents "World Health Statistics" as an integral part of its ongoing efforts to provide enhanced access to high-quality data on core measures of population health and national health systems. Unless otherwise stated, all estimates have been cleared following consultation with Member States and are published here as official WHO figures.

The second edition of this book is the result of a collaborative effort of ophthalmic pathologists from 11 countries and is more extensive and detailed than the previous edition published in 1980. Several new tumour entities have been added, including Merkel cell tumour of the eyelid, hereditary intraepithelial dyskeratosis, and solitary fibrous tumour of the orbit. The list of histological variants has been expanded and examples of immunoreactivity included. The TNM classification for ophthalmic tumours is also included. The publication of the revised eye and adnexal tumour classification is accompanied by 112 photomicrographs.

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Evaluates occupational exposures to mists and vapours from strong inorganic acids: and other industrial chemicals.