How to Give

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In the Age of Nero, Romans were deeply engaged in transactional obligations, focusing on what could be expected in return for gifts. Emperors solidified their power through donations to troops and public handouts, while wealthy individuals cultivated client relationships, offering favors in exchange for loyalty. Even divine interactions were transactional, as Romans invoked the principle of do ut des, "I give so that you may give," during sacrifices. Seneca, the Roman statesman and philosopher, delved into the intricacies of giving and receiving in his ethical treatise, De Beneficiis. The term beneficium encompasses any gift or favor that creates an obligation for the receiver. James Romm aims to abridge and translate this work for contemporary readers, arguing that Seneca demanded a higher standard of generosity. For Seneca, the dynamics of giving and receiving transcended mere contracts, embodying principles of mutual care and respect. He emphasized the importance of examining motives behind generosity to prevent moral compromise for the receiver or coercive pressures on the giver. By exploring this theme, Seneca sought to illuminate larger Stoic principles about human interconnectedness. He urged readers to give and receive thoughtfully, express gratitude, and rise above selfish tendencies, positing that true generosity is essential for maintaining civilized life amidst chaos.