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The book explores the concept of extinction, defining it as the process through which species cease to exist, leading to a decline in biodiversity. It examines the challenges in identifying the exact moment of extinction, often determined retrospectively after a species has been absent for a while. Factors contributing to extinction include habitat changes and competition. Notably, it highlights that over 99% of species that have ever existed are now extinct, while mass extinctions may have played a role in accelerating evolutionary diversification.